NEW MINERAL PROPOSALS APPROVED IN OCTOBER 2016
IMA No. 2016-063
Epifanovite
NaCaCu5(PO4)4[AsO2(OH)2]·7H2O
Kester tin deposit, Arga-Ynnykh-Khai massif,
Sakha Republic, Russia
Victor N. Yakovenchuk, Yakov A. Pakhomovsky, Nataliya G. Konoplyova, Taras L. Panikirovskii, Julia
A. Mikhailova, Vladimir N. Bocharov, Sergey V. Krivovichev and Gregory Y. Ivanyuk*
*E-mail: ivanyuk@geoksc.apatity.ru Related to sampleite and andyrobertsite Monoclinic: P21/m;
structure determined
a = 9.6911(8), b = 9.7547(9), c = 9.963(1) Å,
β = 102.24(1)°
9.73(100), 6.79(35), 4.355(12), 3.072(43),
3.061(24), 3.003(24), 2.698(11), 2.405(10) Type material is deposited in the collections of the
Mineralogical Museum of the St. Petersburg State University, Russia, catalogue No. 19658/1
How to cite: Yakovenchuk, V.N., Pakhomovsky, Y.A., Konoplyova, N.G., Panikirovskii, T.L.,
Mikhailova, J.A., Bocharov, V.N., Krivovichev, S.V. and Ivanyuk, G.Y. (2016) Epifanovite,
IMA 2016-063. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80,
1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-064
Leesite
K(H2O)2[(UO2)4O2(OH)5]·3H2O
Jomac mine, Brown’s Rim, White Canyon
mining district, San Juan Co., Utah, USA (37°
51′43″N, 110°19′10″W)
Travis A. Olds*, Patrick Haynes, Anthony R. Kampf, Tyler Spano, Jakub Plášil, Shawn M.
Carlson, Peter C. Burns, Antonio Simonetti and Owen P. Mills
*E-mail: tolds@nd.edu
Known synthetic Na analogue
Orthorhombic: Pbca; structure determined
a = 14.866(7), b = 14.126(7), c = 16.772(8) Å
7.45(92), 3.713(24), 3.566(65), 3.219(100),
2.578(28), 2.043(36), 1.982(25), 1.801(18) Cotype material is deposited in the mineral- ogical
collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles,
USA, catalogue numbers 66285,
66286 and 66287, and the New Mexico
Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,
Socorro, USA, catalogue number 19029
How to cite: Olds, T.A., Haynes, P., Kampf, A. R., Spano, T., Plášil, J., Carlson, S.M., Burns, P.
C., Simonetti, A. and Mills, O.P. (2016) Leesite, IMA 2016-064. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December
2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-065
Vondechenite
Cu4CaCl2(OH)8·4H2O
Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Rhineland-
Palatinate, Germany (50°21′6″N, 7°14′2″E)
Jochen Schlüter*, Thomas Malcherek, Dieter Pohl and
Christof Schäfer
*E-mail: Jochen.Schlueter@uni-hamburg.de
New structure type
Orthorhombic: Cmcm; structure determined
a = 6.653(1), b =15.034(3), c = 6.611(1) Å
7.596(100), 3.070(39), 2.520(49), 2.484(66),
1.730(39), 1.485(29)
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Mineralogical Museum of the University of
Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany, catalogue number MM 1366
How to cite: Schlüter, J., Malcherek, T., Pohl, D. and Schäfer, C. (2016) Vondechenite, IMA
2016-065. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-066
Murakamiite
Ca2LiSi3O8(OH)
Iwagi Islet, Ehime Prefecture, Japan (34.263°N, 133.161°E)
Teruyoshi Imaoka*, Mariko Nagashima, Takashi Kano, Jun-Ichi Kimura, Qing Chang and Chihiro Fukuda
*E-mail: imaoka@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
The Li analogue of pectolite
Triclinic: P-1; structure determined
a = 7.9098(2), b = 7.0320(2), c = 6.9863(2) Å, α
= 90.596(2), β = 95.589(2), γ = 102.767(2)°
6.962(15), 3.845(20), 3.476(16), 3.295(41),
3.225(33), 3.055(49), 2.897(100), 2.284(19) Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan, specimen numbers
NSM M4491
How to cite: Imaoka, T., Nagashima, M., Kano, T., Kimura, J.-I., Chang, Q. and Fukuda, C. (2016)
Murakamiite, IMA 2016-066. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-067
Machiite
Al2Ti3O9
Murchison carbonaceous chondrite, fell at
Murchison, Victoria, Australia (36°37′S, 145°12′E)
Alexander N. Krot
*E-mail: sasha@higp.hawaii.edu The Al analogue of schreyerite Monoclinic: C2/c
a = 17.102, b = 5.025, c = 7.058 Å, β = 106.6°
8.195(100), 4.097(51), 3.382(41), 2.881(79),
2.745(79), 2.512(30), 2.436(44), 1.698(35) Type material is deposited in the meteorite
collections of the Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa,
1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822, USA, Murchison section UH80
How to cite: Knot, A.N. (2016) Machiite, IMA
2016-067. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-068
Calciojohillerite
NaCaMg3(AsO4)3
Arsenatnaya fumarole, Second scoria cone of the
Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka
peninsula, Far-Eastern Region, Russia (55°41′N, 160°14′E, 1200 m asl)
Igor V. Pekov*, Natalia N. Koshlyakova, Atali A. Agakhanov, Natalia V. Zubkova, Dmitry I.
Belakovskiy, Marina F. Vigasina, Anna G. Turchkova, Evgeny G. Sidorov and Dmitry Y.
Pushcharovsky
*E-mail: igorpekov@mail.ru
Alluaudite group
Monoclinic: C2/c; structure determined
a = 11.8405(3), b = 12.7836(2), c = 6.6916(2) Å,
β = 112.425 (3)°
3.509(16), 3.220(19), 2.910(17), 2.758(100),
2.735(25), 2.620(12), 1.661(16), 1.582(11) Type material is deposited in the collections of the
Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, regis- tration number 4893/1
How to cite: Pekov, I.V., Koshlyakova, N.N., Agakhanov, A.A., Zubkova, N.V., Belakovskiy, D.I.,
Vigasina, M.F., Turchkova, A.G., Sidorov, E.G. and Pushcharovsky, D.Y. (2016) Calciojohillerite,
IMA 2016-068. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page
1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-069
Oxy-foitite
□(Fe2+Al2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Cooma metamorphic Complex, Cooma, New
South Wales, Australia (36°14′S, 149°7′E) Ferdinando Bosi*, Henrik Skogby and Ulf Hålenius
*E-mail: ferdinando.bosi@uniroma1.it
Tourmaline supergroup
Trigonal: R-3m; structure determined
a = 15.9391(7), c = 7.1515(4) Å
6.357(51), 4.220(47), 3.990(49), 3.466(100),
2.953(87), 2.579(98), 2.048(30), 2.041(50) Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Museum of Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza
University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, catalogue number 8829/84
How to cite: Bosi, F., Skogby, H. and Hålenius, U. (2016) Oxy-foitite, IMA 2016-069. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
NEW MINERAL PROPOSALS APPROVED IN NOVEMBER 2016
IMA No. 2016-070
Davidsmithite
(Ca,□)2Na6Al8Si8O32
Liset, Selje, Vestlandet, Norway (62°4′N, 5°20′E)
Sid-Ali Kechid*, Roberta Oberti, Giuseppe
Rossi†, Giancarlo Parodi and Sylvain Pont
*E-mail: kechidsa3@yahoo.fr
Related to trinepheline and nepheline Hexagonal: P63; structure determined
a = 9.982(1), c = 8.364(2) Å
4.322(27), 4.182(66), 3.840(93), 3.267(71),
3.006(100), 2.882(41), 2.343(54), 2.305(31)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris, France, thin section MNHN215-001
How to cite: Kechid, S.-A., Oberti, R., Rossi, G., Parodi, G. and Pont, P. (2016) Davidsmithite,
IMA 2016-070. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80,
1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-072
Alpeite
Monte Alpe mine, Monte Alpe, Castiglione
Chiavarese E) - Maissana (SP), Liguria, Italy
(44°18′24″N, 9°32′00″E)
Anthony R. Kampf*, Cristina Carbone, Barbara P. Nash, Donato Belmonte, Luigi Chiappino and Fabrizio
Castellaro
*E-mail: akampf@nhm.org
Ardennite group
Orthorhombic: Pnmm; structure determined
a = 8.942(1), b = 6.0534(6), c = 18.978(2) Å
4.049(52), 3.259(51), 3.022(93), 2.673(100),
2.572(69), 2.095(53), 1.677(52), 1.511(83) Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition
Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA, catalogue number 66288
How to cite: Kampf, A.R., Carbone, C., Nash, B. P., Belmonte, D., Chiappino, L. and Castellaro, F.
(2016) Alpeite, IMA 2016-072. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1318; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-073
Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S
(Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2 [and not Mg8Al18Fe3+2O38(OH)2 as in the newsletter; the last formula is unbalanced]
Marmore stream, middle Valtournenche, Valle
d’Aosta, Italy (45°49′36″N, 7°34′51″E)
Fernando Cámara*, Roberto Cossio, Daniele
Regis, Marco E. Ciriotti and Roberto Compagnoni
*E-mail: fernando.camaraartigas@unimi.it
Högbomite supergroup
Trigonal: P3m1; structure determined
a = 5.7226(3), c = 23.0231(9) Å
2.858(42), 2.735(51), 2.484(46), 2.427(100),
1.568(29), 1.514(30), 1.438(42), 1.429(72)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Museo Regionale di Scienze
Naturali, Sezione di Mineralogia, Petrografia e
Geologia, via Giovanni Giolitti 36, I-10123
Torino, Italy, catalogue number M/U17182
How to cite: Cámara, F., Cossio, R., Regis, D.,
Ciriotti, M.E. and Compagnoni, R. (2016)
Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S, IMA 2016-073.
CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016,
page 1318; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–
1321.
IMA No. 2016-074
Zhanghuifenite
Na3Mn2+4Mg2Al(PO4)6
Santa Ana mine, San Luis province, Argentina
(32°53′32″S, 65°55′43″W)
Hexiong Yang*, Anaïs Kobsch, Xiangping Gu, Robert T. Downs and Xiande Xie
*E-mail: hyang@email.arizona.edu Isostructural with bobfergusonite
Monoclinic: P21/n; structure determined
a =12.8926(3), b = 12.4658(3), c = 10.9178(2) Å,
β = 97.920(1)°
6.201(21), 3.445(13), 2.877(25), 2.697(100),
2.527(34), 2.096(14), 1.742(14), 1.561(13) Cotype material is deposited in the
collections of the Mineral Museum of the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, catalogue
# 21321, and the RRUFF Project, deposition # R160030
How to cite: Yang, H., Kobsch, A., Gu, X., Downs, R.T. and Xie, X. (2016) Zhanghuifenite, IMA
2016-074. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1318; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-075
Fluorarrojadite-(BaNa)
BaNa4CaFe13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)F2
Elisabeth adit, near Gemerská Poloma village,
Rožňava Co., Košice Region, Slovakia (48°45′
04.06″S, 20°29′39.27″W)
Martin Števko*, Jiří Sejkora, Pavel Uher and
Fernando Cámara
*E-mail: stevko@fns.uniba.sk
Arrojadite group
Monoclinic: Cc; structure determined
a = 16.563(1), b = 10.0476(6), c = 24.669(1) Å,
β = 105.452(4)°
3.412(21), 3.224(37), 3.040(100), 2.850(22),
2.833(18), 2.713(56), 2.556(33), 2.512(23)
Type material is deposited in the collections of
the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology,
National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00
Praha 9, Czech Republic, catalogue number P1P
13/2016, and the Department of Mineralogy and
Petrology, Faculty of Natural Sciences,
Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15
Bratislava, Slovakia, catalogue number 7401
How to cite: Števko, M., Sejkora, J., Uher,
P. and Cámara, F. (2016) Fluorarrojadite-
(BaNa), IMA 2016-075. CNMNC Newsletter
No. 34, December 2016, page 1318;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-076
Vorontsovite
(Hg5Cu)Σ6TlAs4S12
Vorontsovskoe gold deposit, 0.5 km west of
the settlement of Vorontsovka, 13 km south of
the city of Krasnotur’insk, Sverdlovskaya
Oblast’, Northern Urals, Russia (59°39′5″N, 60°12′56″E)
Anatoly V. Kasatkin*, Fabrizio Nestola, Atali
A. Agakhanov, Radek Škoda, Vladimir
Y. Karpenko and Mikhail V. Tsyganko
*E-mail: anatoly.kasatkin@gmail.com
The thallium analogue of galkhaite
Cubic: I4-3m; structure determined
a = 10.2956(6) Å
4.198(79), 2.970(100), 2.749(66), 2.572(22),
2.017(20), 1.879(18), 1.818(49), 1.550(31)
Type material is deposited in the collections of
the Fersman Mineralogical Museum of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia, registration number 4917/1
How to cite: Kasatkin, A.V., Nestola, F.,
Agakhanov, A.A., Škoda, R., Karpenko, V.Y.
and Tsyganko, M.V. (2016) Vorontsovite, IMA
2016-076. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34,
December 2016, page 1319; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-077
Jaszczakite
[Bi3S3][AuS2]
Alsó-Rózsa adit, Nagybörzsöny, Börzsöny Mts,
Pest Co., Hungary (47°56′N, 18°50′E)
Luca Bindi* and Werner H. Paar
*E-mail: luca.bindi@unifi.it
The S and Bi analogue of buckhornite
Orthorhombic: Pmmn; structure determined
a = 3.858(1), b = 12.552(3), c = 9.289(2) Å
7.467(100), 6.276(90), 5.200(24), 3.096(68),
2.777(26), 2.092(22), 1.929(20), 1.733(18)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Museo di Storia Naturale,
Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, I-50121,
Firenze, Italy, catalogue number 3237/I
How to cite: Bindi, L. and Paar, W.H. (2016)
Jaszczakite, IMA 2016-077. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1319;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-078
Magnesiohatertite
(Na,Ca)2Ca(Mg,Fe3+)2(AsO4)3
Arsenatnaya fumarole, Second scoria cone of
the Northern Breakthrough of the Great
Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik
volcano, Kamchatka peninsula, Far-Eastern
Region, Russia (55°41′N, 160°14′E, 1200 m asl)
Igor V. Pekov*, Inna S. Lykova, Natalia
N. Koshlyakova, Dmitry I. Belakovskiy,
Marina F. Vigasina, Atali A. Agakhanov,
Sergey N. Britvin, Anna G. Turchkova,
Evgeny G. Sidorov and Gerald Giester
*E-mail: igorpekov@mail.ru
Alluaudite group
Monoclinic: C2/c; structure determined
a = 12.310(1), b = 13.002(1), c = 6.7211(5) Å,
β = 113.823(4)°
6.50(35), 5.66(26), 3.635(41), 3.221(55), 3.086
(27), 2.837(100), 2.792(57), 2.648(42)
Type material is deposited in the collections of
the Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, registration
number 4912/1
How to cite: Pekov, I.V., Lykova, I.S.,
Koshlyakova, N.N., Belakovskiy, D.I., Vigasina,
M.F.,Agakhanov,A.A., Britvin, S.N., Turchkova,
A.G., Sidorov, E.G. and Giester, G. (2016)
Magnesiohatertite, IMA 2016-078. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1319;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-079
Burroite
Ca2(NH4)2(V10O28)·15H2O
Burro mine, Slick Rock district, San Miguel
Co., Colorado,USA (38°2′42″N, 108°53′23″W)
Anthony R. Kampf*, Barbara P. Nash, Joe
Marty and John M. Hughes
*E-mail: akampf@nhm.org
Chemically related to wernerbaurite
Triclinic: P-1; structure determined
a = 8.779(2), b = 10.311(2), c = 12.060(2) Å, α
= 96.740(4), β = 107.388(5), γ = 114.439(6)°
11.06(100), 9.02(46), 8.10(21), 7.71(94), 7.50
(17), 2.950(14), 2.778(16), 2.075(19)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Natural History Museum of
Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California,
USA, catalogue numbers 66299 (holotype) and
66300 (cotype)
How to cite: Kampf, A.R., Nash, B.P., Marty,
J. and Hughes, J.M. (2016) Burroite, IMA
2016-079. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34,
December 2016, page 1319; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-080
Marathonite
Pd25Ge9
Marathon deposit, Coldwell Complex, Ontario,
Canada (48°48′7″N, 86°18′35″W)
Andrew M. McDonald*, Doreen E. Ames, Kirk
C. Ross, Ingrid M. Kjarsgaard and David
J. Good
*E-mail: amcdonald@laurentian.ca
New structure type
Trigonal: P3; structure determined
a = 7.391(1), c = 10.477(2) Å
2.748(10), 2.436(10), 2.374(29), 2.148(100),
1.759(10), 1.360(13), 1.239(14), 1.207(10)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Canadian Museum of Nature,
Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, catalogue number
CMNMC 87179
How to cite: McDonald, A.M., Ames, D.E.,
Ross, K.C., Kjarsgaard, I.M. and Good, D.J.
(2016) Marathonite, IMA 2016-080. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1320;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-081
Rietveldite
Fe(UO2)(SO4)2(H2O)5
Giveaway-Simplot mine, White Canyon
mining district, San Juan Co., Utah, USA (37°
33′09.80″N, 110°16′58.50″W); Jáchymov ore
district, Western Bohemia, Czech Republic;
Willi Agatz mine (+50 m level), Gittersee
mining field, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
Anthony R. Kampf*, Jiří Sejkora, Thomas
Witzke, Jakub Plášil, Jiří Čejka, Barbara
P. Nash and Joe Marty
*E-mail: akampf@nhm.org
Structurally related to svornostite
Orthorhombic: Pmn21; structure determined
a = 12.9577(9), b = 8.3183(3), c = 11.2971(5) Å
8.309(34), 6.477(100), 5.110(58), 4.668(48),
4.653(36), 3.428(41), 3.341(33), 3.238(49)
Cope material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Natural History Museum of
Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition
Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA,
catalogue numbers 66291 and 66292 (sample
from USA), the TU Bergakademie Freiberg,
Germany, catalogue number 84140 (sample
from Germany), the National Museum Prague,
Department of Mineralogy and Petrology,
Cirkusová 1740, CZ 193 00 Prague, Czech
Republic, catalogue number P1N 45564
(sample from Czech Republic)
How to cite: Kampf, A.R., Sejkora, J., Witzke,
T., Plášil, J., Čejka, J., Nash, B.P. and Marty,
J. (2016) Rietveldite, IMA 2016-081. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1320;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-082
Redcanyonite
(NH4)2Mn[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2](H2O)4
Blue Lizard mine, Red Canyon, White Canyon
mining district, San Juan Co., Utah, USA (37°
33′26″N, 110°17′44″W)
Travis A. Olds*, Jakub Plášil, Anthony
R. Kampf, Peter C. Burns, Barbara P. Nash,
Joe Marty, Timothy P. Rose and Shawn
M. Carlson
*E-mail: tolds@nd.edu
Structurally related to zippeite
Monoclinic: C2/m; structure determined
a = 8.657(2), b = 14.155(3), c = 8.843(2) Å, β = 104.12(2)°
8.55(21), 7.19(100), 3.600(33), 3.453(56),
3.112(72), 2.657(23), 2.491(21), 2.069(20)
Cotype material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Natural History
Museum of Los Angeles County, Los
Angeles, California, USA, catalogue numbers
66293, 66294, 66295, 66296, 66297 and 66298
How to cite: Olds, T.A., Plášil, J., Kampf, A.R.,
Burns, P.C., Nash, B.P., Marty, J., Rose, T.P. and
Carlson, S.M. (2016) Redcanyonite, IMA
2016-082. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34,
December 2016, page 1320; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
NOMENCLATURE PROPOSAL APPROVED IN OCTOBER 2016
IMA 16-J: Uklonskovite
Proposal 16-J is accepted, and the formula of uklonskovite is revised from NaMg(SO4)OH·2H2O to NaMg(SO4)F·2H2O (F instead of OH).
IMA 16-K: Tombarthite-(Y) (discredited)
Proposal 16-K is accepted, and tombarthite- (Y), ideally Y4(Si,H4)4O12−x(OH)4+2x with x ≤ 4, is discredited. A re-examination of
original material shows that all samples are heterogeneous, and hence not constituted by a single mineral.
IMA 16-L: Claraite
Proposal 16-L is accepted, and claraite is redefined as a copper hydrated hydroxy-
carbonate-arsenate-sulfate mineral having ideal chemical composition (Cu,Zn)15(CO3)4(AsO4)2(SO4)(OH)14·7H2O.
The collection of new chemical and crystallographic data on two
specimens of claraite from the type locality and Carrara confirmed the occurrence of As and S as essential components.
IMA No. 2016-063
Epifanovite
NaCaCu5(PO4)4[AsO2(OH)2]·7H2O
Kester tin deposit, Arga-Ynnykh-Khai massif,
Sakha Republic, Russia
Victor N. Yakovenchuk, Yakov A. Pakhomovsky, Nataliya G. Konoplyova, Taras L. Panikirovskii, Julia
A. Mikhailova, Vladimir N. Bocharov, Sergey V. Krivovichev and Gregory Y. Ivanyuk*
*E-mail: ivanyuk@geoksc.apatity.ru Related to sampleite and andyrobertsite Monoclinic: P21/m;
structure determined
a = 9.6911(8), b = 9.7547(9), c = 9.963(1) Å,
β = 102.24(1)°
9.73(100), 6.79(35), 4.355(12), 3.072(43),
3.061(24), 3.003(24), 2.698(11), 2.405(10) Type material is deposited in the collections of the
Mineralogical Museum of the St. Petersburg State University, Russia, catalogue No. 19658/1
How to cite: Yakovenchuk, V.N., Pakhomovsky, Y.A., Konoplyova, N.G., Panikirovskii, T.L.,
Mikhailova, J.A., Bocharov, V.N., Krivovichev, S.V. and Ivanyuk, G.Y. (2016) Epifanovite,
IMA 2016-063. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80,
1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-064
Leesite
K(H2O)2[(UO2)4O2(OH)5]·3H2O
Jomac mine, Brown’s Rim, White Canyon
mining district, San Juan Co., Utah, USA (37°
51′43″N, 110°19′10″W)
Travis A. Olds*, Patrick Haynes, Anthony R. Kampf, Tyler Spano, Jakub Plášil, Shawn M.
Carlson, Peter C. Burns, Antonio Simonetti and Owen P. Mills
*E-mail: tolds@nd.edu
Known synthetic Na analogue
Orthorhombic: Pbca; structure determined
a = 14.866(7), b = 14.126(7), c = 16.772(8) Å
7.45(92), 3.713(24), 3.566(65), 3.219(100),
2.578(28), 2.043(36), 1.982(25), 1.801(18) Cotype material is deposited in the mineral- ogical
collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles,
USA, catalogue numbers 66285,
66286 and 66287, and the New Mexico
Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,
Socorro, USA, catalogue number 19029
How to cite: Olds, T.A., Haynes, P., Kampf, A. R., Spano, T., Plášil, J., Carlson, S.M., Burns, P.
C., Simonetti, A. and Mills, O.P. (2016) Leesite, IMA 2016-064. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December
2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-065
Vondechenite
Cu4CaCl2(OH)8·4H2O
Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Rhineland-
Palatinate, Germany (50°21′6″N, 7°14′2″E)
Jochen Schlüter*, Thomas Malcherek, Dieter Pohl and
Christof Schäfer
*E-mail: Jochen.Schlueter@uni-hamburg.de
New structure type
Orthorhombic: Cmcm; structure determined
a = 6.653(1), b =15.034(3), c = 6.611(1) Å
7.596(100), 3.070(39), 2.520(49), 2.484(66),
1.730(39), 1.485(29)
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Mineralogical Museum of the University of
Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany, catalogue number MM 1366
How to cite: Schlüter, J., Malcherek, T., Pohl, D. and Schäfer, C. (2016) Vondechenite, IMA
2016-065. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-066
Murakamiite
Ca2LiSi3O8(OH)
Iwagi Islet, Ehime Prefecture, Japan (34.263°N, 133.161°E)
Teruyoshi Imaoka*, Mariko Nagashima, Takashi Kano, Jun-Ichi Kimura, Qing Chang and Chihiro Fukuda
*E-mail: imaoka@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
The Li analogue of pectolite
Triclinic: P-1; structure determined
a = 7.9098(2), b = 7.0320(2), c = 6.9863(2) Å, α
= 90.596(2), β = 95.589(2), γ = 102.767(2)°
6.962(15), 3.845(20), 3.476(16), 3.295(41),
3.225(33), 3.055(49), 2.897(100), 2.284(19) Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan, specimen numbers
NSM M4491
How to cite: Imaoka, T., Nagashima, M., Kano, T., Kimura, J.-I., Chang, Q. and Fukuda, C. (2016)
Murakamiite, IMA 2016-066. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1316; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-067
Machiite
Al2Ti3O9
Murchison carbonaceous chondrite, fell at
Murchison, Victoria, Australia (36°37′S, 145°12′E)
Alexander N. Krot
*E-mail: sasha@higp.hawaii.edu The Al analogue of schreyerite Monoclinic: C2/c
a = 17.102, b = 5.025, c = 7.058 Å, β = 106.6°
8.195(100), 4.097(51), 3.382(41), 2.881(79),
2.745(79), 2.512(30), 2.436(44), 1.698(35) Type material is deposited in the meteorite
collections of the Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa,
1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822, USA, Murchison section UH80
How to cite: Knot, A.N. (2016) Machiite, IMA
2016-067. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-068
Calciojohillerite
NaCaMg3(AsO4)3
Arsenatnaya fumarole, Second scoria cone of the
Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka
peninsula, Far-Eastern Region, Russia (55°41′N, 160°14′E, 1200 m asl)
Igor V. Pekov*, Natalia N. Koshlyakova, Atali A. Agakhanov, Natalia V. Zubkova, Dmitry I.
Belakovskiy, Marina F. Vigasina, Anna G. Turchkova, Evgeny G. Sidorov and Dmitry Y.
Pushcharovsky
*E-mail: igorpekov@mail.ru
Alluaudite group
Monoclinic: C2/c; structure determined
a = 11.8405(3), b = 12.7836(2), c = 6.6916(2) Å,
β = 112.425 (3)°
3.509(16), 3.220(19), 2.910(17), 2.758(100),
2.735(25), 2.620(12), 1.661(16), 1.582(11) Type material is deposited in the collections of the
Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, regis- tration number 4893/1
How to cite: Pekov, I.V., Koshlyakova, N.N., Agakhanov, A.A., Zubkova, N.V., Belakovskiy, D.I.,
Vigasina, M.F., Turchkova, A.G., Sidorov, E.G. and Pushcharovsky, D.Y. (2016) Calciojohillerite,
IMA 2016-068. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page
1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-069
Oxy-foitite
□(Fe2+Al2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
Cooma metamorphic Complex, Cooma, New
South Wales, Australia (36°14′S, 149°7′E) Ferdinando Bosi*, Henrik Skogby and Ulf Hålenius
*E-mail: ferdinando.bosi@uniroma1.it
Tourmaline supergroup
Trigonal: R-3m; structure determined
a = 15.9391(7), c = 7.1515(4) Å
6.357(51), 4.220(47), 3.990(49), 3.466(100),
2.953(87), 2.579(98), 2.048(30), 2.041(50) Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Museum of Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza
University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, catalogue number 8829/84
How to cite: Bosi, F., Skogby, H. and Hålenius, U. (2016) Oxy-foitite, IMA 2016-069. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
NEW MINERAL PROPOSALS APPROVED IN NOVEMBER 2016
IMA No. 2016-070
Davidsmithite
(Ca,□)2Na6Al8Si8O32
Liset, Selje, Vestlandet, Norway (62°4′N, 5°20′E)
Sid-Ali Kechid*, Roberta Oberti, Giuseppe
Rossi†, Giancarlo Parodi and Sylvain Pont
*E-mail: kechidsa3@yahoo.fr
Related to trinepheline and nepheline Hexagonal: P63; structure determined
a = 9.982(1), c = 8.364(2) Å
4.322(27), 4.182(66), 3.840(93), 3.267(71),
3.006(100), 2.882(41), 2.343(54), 2.305(31)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris, France, thin section MNHN215-001
How to cite: Kechid, S.-A., Oberti, R., Rossi, G., Parodi, G. and Pont, P. (2016) Davidsmithite,
IMA 2016-070. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1317; Mineralogical Magazine, 80,
1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-072
Alpeite
Monte Alpe mine, Monte Alpe, Castiglione
Chiavarese E) - Maissana (SP), Liguria, Italy
(44°18′24″N, 9°32′00″E)
Anthony R. Kampf*, Cristina Carbone, Barbara P. Nash, Donato Belmonte, Luigi Chiappino and Fabrizio
Castellaro
*E-mail: akampf@nhm.org
Ardennite group
Orthorhombic: Pnmm; structure determined
a = 8.942(1), b = 6.0534(6), c = 18.978(2) Å
4.049(52), 3.259(51), 3.022(93), 2.673(100),
2.572(69), 2.095(53), 1.677(52), 1.511(83) Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition
Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA, catalogue number 66288
How to cite: Kampf, A.R., Carbone, C., Nash, B. P., Belmonte, D., Chiappino, L. and Castellaro, F.
(2016) Alpeite, IMA 2016-072. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1318; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-073
Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S
(Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2 [and not Mg8Al18Fe3+2O38(OH)2 as in the newsletter; the last formula is unbalanced]
Marmore stream, middle Valtournenche, Valle
d’Aosta, Italy (45°49′36″N, 7°34′51″E)
Fernando Cámara*, Roberto Cossio, Daniele
Regis, Marco E. Ciriotti and Roberto Compagnoni
*E-mail: fernando.camaraartigas@unimi.it
Högbomite supergroup
Trigonal: P3m1; structure determined
a = 5.7226(3), c = 23.0231(9) Å
2.858(42), 2.735(51), 2.484(46), 2.427(100),
1.568(29), 1.514(30), 1.438(42), 1.429(72)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Museo Regionale di Scienze
Naturali, Sezione di Mineralogia, Petrografia e
Geologia, via Giovanni Giolitti 36, I-10123
Torino, Italy, catalogue number M/U17182
How to cite: Cámara, F., Cossio, R., Regis, D.,
Ciriotti, M.E. and Compagnoni, R. (2016)
Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S, IMA 2016-073.
CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016,
page 1318; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–
1321.
IMA No. 2016-074
Zhanghuifenite
Na3Mn2+4Mg2Al(PO4)6
Santa Ana mine, San Luis province, Argentina
(32°53′32″S, 65°55′43″W)
Hexiong Yang*, Anaïs Kobsch, Xiangping Gu, Robert T. Downs and Xiande Xie
*E-mail: hyang@email.arizona.edu Isostructural with bobfergusonite
Monoclinic: P21/n; structure determined
a =12.8926(3), b = 12.4658(3), c = 10.9178(2) Å,
β = 97.920(1)°
6.201(21), 3.445(13), 2.877(25), 2.697(100),
2.527(34), 2.096(14), 1.742(14), 1.561(13) Cotype material is deposited in the
collections of the Mineral Museum of the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, catalogue
# 21321, and the RRUFF Project, deposition # R160030
How to cite: Yang, H., Kobsch, A., Gu, X., Downs, R.T. and Xie, X. (2016) Zhanghuifenite, IMA
2016-074. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1318; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-075
Fluorarrojadite-(BaNa)
BaNa4CaFe13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)F2
Elisabeth adit, near Gemerská Poloma village,
Rožňava Co., Košice Region, Slovakia (48°45′
04.06″S, 20°29′39.27″W)
Martin Števko*, Jiří Sejkora, Pavel Uher and
Fernando Cámara
*E-mail: stevko@fns.uniba.sk
Arrojadite group
Monoclinic: Cc; structure determined
a = 16.563(1), b = 10.0476(6), c = 24.669(1) Å,
β = 105.452(4)°
3.412(21), 3.224(37), 3.040(100), 2.850(22),
2.833(18), 2.713(56), 2.556(33), 2.512(23)
Type material is deposited in the collections of
the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology,
National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00
Praha 9, Czech Republic, catalogue number P1P
13/2016, and the Department of Mineralogy and
Petrology, Faculty of Natural Sciences,
Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15
Bratislava, Slovakia, catalogue number 7401
How to cite: Števko, M., Sejkora, J., Uher,
P. and Cámara, F. (2016) Fluorarrojadite-
(BaNa), IMA 2016-075. CNMNC Newsletter
No. 34, December 2016, page 1318;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-076
Vorontsovite
(Hg5Cu)Σ6TlAs4S12
Vorontsovskoe gold deposit, 0.5 km west of
the settlement of Vorontsovka, 13 km south of
the city of Krasnotur’insk, Sverdlovskaya
Oblast’, Northern Urals, Russia (59°39′5″N, 60°12′56″E)
Anatoly V. Kasatkin*, Fabrizio Nestola, Atali
A. Agakhanov, Radek Škoda, Vladimir
Y. Karpenko and Mikhail V. Tsyganko
*E-mail: anatoly.kasatkin@gmail.com
The thallium analogue of galkhaite
Cubic: I4-3m; structure determined
a = 10.2956(6) Å
4.198(79), 2.970(100), 2.749(66), 2.572(22),
2.017(20), 1.879(18), 1.818(49), 1.550(31)
Type material is deposited in the collections of
the Fersman Mineralogical Museum of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
Russia, registration number 4917/1
How to cite: Kasatkin, A.V., Nestola, F.,
Agakhanov, A.A., Škoda, R., Karpenko, V.Y.
and Tsyganko, M.V. (2016) Vorontsovite, IMA
2016-076. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34,
December 2016, page 1319; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-077
Jaszczakite
[Bi3S3][AuS2]
Alsó-Rózsa adit, Nagybörzsöny, Börzsöny Mts,
Pest Co., Hungary (47°56′N, 18°50′E)
Luca Bindi* and Werner H. Paar
*E-mail: luca.bindi@unifi.it
The S and Bi analogue of buckhornite
Orthorhombic: Pmmn; structure determined
a = 3.858(1), b = 12.552(3), c = 9.289(2) Å
7.467(100), 6.276(90), 5.200(24), 3.096(68),
2.777(26), 2.092(22), 1.929(20), 1.733(18)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Museo di Storia Naturale,
Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, I-50121,
Firenze, Italy, catalogue number 3237/I
How to cite: Bindi, L. and Paar, W.H. (2016)
Jaszczakite, IMA 2016-077. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1319;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-078
Magnesiohatertite
(Na,Ca)2Ca(Mg,Fe3+)2(AsO4)3
Arsenatnaya fumarole, Second scoria cone of
the Northern Breakthrough of the Great
Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik
volcano, Kamchatka peninsula, Far-Eastern
Region, Russia (55°41′N, 160°14′E, 1200 m asl)
Igor V. Pekov*, Inna S. Lykova, Natalia
N. Koshlyakova, Dmitry I. Belakovskiy,
Marina F. Vigasina, Atali A. Agakhanov,
Sergey N. Britvin, Anna G. Turchkova,
Evgeny G. Sidorov and Gerald Giester
*E-mail: igorpekov@mail.ru
Alluaudite group
Monoclinic: C2/c; structure determined
a = 12.310(1), b = 13.002(1), c = 6.7211(5) Å,
β = 113.823(4)°
6.50(35), 5.66(26), 3.635(41), 3.221(55), 3.086
(27), 2.837(100), 2.792(57), 2.648(42)
Type material is deposited in the collections of
the Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, registration
number 4912/1
How to cite: Pekov, I.V., Lykova, I.S.,
Koshlyakova, N.N., Belakovskiy, D.I., Vigasina,
M.F.,Agakhanov,A.A., Britvin, S.N., Turchkova,
A.G., Sidorov, E.G. and Giester, G. (2016)
Magnesiohatertite, IMA 2016-078. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1319;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-079
Burroite
Ca2(NH4)2(V10O28)·15H2O
Burro mine, Slick Rock district, San Miguel
Co., Colorado,USA (38°2′42″N, 108°53′23″W)
Anthony R. Kampf*, Barbara P. Nash, Joe
Marty and John M. Hughes
*E-mail: akampf@nhm.org
Chemically related to wernerbaurite
Triclinic: P-1; structure determined
a = 8.779(2), b = 10.311(2), c = 12.060(2) Å, α
= 96.740(4), β = 107.388(5), γ = 114.439(6)°
11.06(100), 9.02(46), 8.10(21), 7.71(94), 7.50
(17), 2.950(14), 2.778(16), 2.075(19)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Natural History Museum of
Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California,
USA, catalogue numbers 66299 (holotype) and
66300 (cotype)
How to cite: Kampf, A.R., Nash, B.P., Marty,
J. and Hughes, J.M. (2016) Burroite, IMA
2016-079. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34,
December 2016, page 1319; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-080
Marathonite
Pd25Ge9
Marathon deposit, Coldwell Complex, Ontario,
Canada (48°48′7″N, 86°18′35″W)
Andrew M. McDonald*, Doreen E. Ames, Kirk
C. Ross, Ingrid M. Kjarsgaard and David
J. Good
*E-mail: amcdonald@laurentian.ca
New structure type
Trigonal: P3; structure determined
a = 7.391(1), c = 10.477(2) Å
2.748(10), 2.436(10), 2.374(29), 2.148(100),
1.759(10), 1.360(13), 1.239(14), 1.207(10)
Type material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Canadian Museum of Nature,
Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, catalogue number
CMNMC 87179
How to cite: McDonald, A.M., Ames, D.E.,
Ross, K.C., Kjarsgaard, I.M. and Good, D.J.
(2016) Marathonite, IMA 2016-080. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1320;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-081
Rietveldite
Fe(UO2)(SO4)2(H2O)5
Giveaway-Simplot mine, White Canyon
mining district, San Juan Co., Utah, USA (37°
33′09.80″N, 110°16′58.50″W); Jáchymov ore
district, Western Bohemia, Czech Republic;
Willi Agatz mine (+50 m level), Gittersee
mining field, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
Anthony R. Kampf*, Jiří Sejkora, Thomas
Witzke, Jakub Plášil, Jiří Čejka, Barbara
P. Nash and Joe Marty
*E-mail: akampf@nhm.org
Structurally related to svornostite
Orthorhombic: Pmn21; structure determined
a = 12.9577(9), b = 8.3183(3), c = 11.2971(5) Å
8.309(34), 6.477(100), 5.110(58), 4.668(48),
4.653(36), 3.428(41), 3.341(33), 3.238(49)
Cope material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Natural History Museum of
Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition
Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA,
catalogue numbers 66291 and 66292 (sample
from USA), the TU Bergakademie Freiberg,
Germany, catalogue number 84140 (sample
from Germany), the National Museum Prague,
Department of Mineralogy and Petrology,
Cirkusová 1740, CZ 193 00 Prague, Czech
Republic, catalogue number P1N 45564
(sample from Czech Republic)
How to cite: Kampf, A.R., Sejkora, J., Witzke,
T., Plášil, J., Čejka, J., Nash, B.P. and Marty,
J. (2016) Rietveldite, IMA 2016-081. CNMNC
Newsletter No. 34, December 2016, page 1320;
Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
IMA No. 2016-082
Redcanyonite
(NH4)2Mn[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2](H2O)4
Blue Lizard mine, Red Canyon, White Canyon
mining district, San Juan Co., Utah, USA (37°
33′26″N, 110°17′44″W)
Travis A. Olds*, Jakub Plášil, Anthony
R. Kampf, Peter C. Burns, Barbara P. Nash,
Joe Marty, Timothy P. Rose and Shawn
M. Carlson
*E-mail: tolds@nd.edu
Structurally related to zippeite
Monoclinic: C2/m; structure determined
a = 8.657(2), b = 14.155(3), c = 8.843(2) Å, β = 104.12(2)°
8.55(21), 7.19(100), 3.600(33), 3.453(56),
3.112(72), 2.657(23), 2.491(21), 2.069(20)
Cotype material is deposited in the mineralogical
collections of the Natural History
Museum of Los Angeles County, Los
Angeles, California, USA, catalogue numbers
66293, 66294, 66295, 66296, 66297 and 66298
How to cite: Olds, T.A., Plášil, J., Kampf, A.R.,
Burns, P.C., Nash, B.P., Marty, J., Rose, T.P. and
Carlson, S.M. (2016) Redcanyonite, IMA
2016-082. CNMNC Newsletter No. 34,
December 2016, page 1320; Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 1315–1321.
NOMENCLATURE PROPOSAL APPROVED IN OCTOBER 2016
IMA 16-J: Uklonskovite
Proposal 16-J is accepted, and the formula of uklonskovite is revised from NaMg(SO4)OH·2H2O to NaMg(SO4)F·2H2O (F instead of OH).
IMA 16-K: Tombarthite-(Y) (discredited)
Proposal 16-K is accepted, and tombarthite- (Y), ideally Y4(Si,H4)4O12−x(OH)4+2x with x ≤ 4, is discredited. A re-examination of
original material shows that all samples are heterogeneous, and hence not constituted by a single mineral.
IMA 16-L: Claraite
Proposal 16-L is accepted, and claraite is redefined as a copper hydrated hydroxy-
carbonate-arsenate-sulfate mineral having ideal chemical composition (Cu,Zn)15(CO3)4(AsO4)2(SO4)(OH)14·7H2O.
The collection of new chemical and crystallographic data on two
specimens of claraite from the type locality and Carrara confirmed the occurrence of As and S as essential components.